hrô -dha ry -ca malaxan a -en ry -du sella sohan yó maì -da -ru mân -ða -en
hrô -dha ry -ca malaxan a -PL ry -du sella sohan yó maì -da -ru mân -ða -PL
tav tav tav
tav tav tav
so -el âr hrô -el kann ys
so -EXP âr hrô -EXP kann ys
aò Hetu -el âr hrô -el vru egie -ma -n -ag -ið
aò Hetu -EXP âr hrô -EXP vru egie -ma EP -age -BEN
uleìneta
uleìneta
tsar cilla -en saha a uleìne,
tsar cilla -PL saha a uleìne
tsar mar cvåìi -el xvu -ac u -es -en mar -ðe saju -ru -en,
tsar mar cvåìi -EXP xvu -ac u -LOC -PL mar -ðe saju -ru -PL,
va- cyév -keì a va- ceva -hux
IMP- cyév -keì a IMP- ceva -RFL
Abbreviations:
AGT: agentive, basically like nominative for this text, except that it
doesn't mark the subject for the experiencer-verbs, like |âr|
BEN: benefactive, basically like dative for this text
EP: epenthesis, no meaning whatsoever, has its own symbol in the native
scripts. Pronounciation depends on dialect but one can safely assume
VnV, CaC (except in the Xaldean dialect-continuum which practices
vowel-disharmony) and CV, VC otherwise (that is: nothing).
EXP: subject of experiencer-verbs
IMP: imperative
PAT: patientive, basically like accusative for this text
PL: plural
RFL: reflexive ("self")
Axis words:
phrase1 AXIS phrase2
'a' and experiencer-verb+subject are axis-words, meaning you can
switch what's on the left with what's on the right with no change in
meaning. Furthermore, if the phrases on the left and right have
suffixes in common, they can move to the axis-word. An example in the
text is |ryca [sick] aen rydu|, where the axis |a| carries the plural
instead of it being redundantly marked on the three other words.
Copula: Naaah, see 'Tripling of nouns'
Free phrase order: except when axis words interfere.
Movement verbs:
A large set of verbs involving movement (example in text: xvu). If
they have objects these are locations, hence marked with the locative.
If they are transitive and are turned into experiencer-verbs, the old
remains in the locative and the old subject is suffixed with -ru.
"xvuac" means "some(thing|one) makes some(thing|one) move to some(thing|one)"
Object incorporation:
VERB + OBJECT(s)+ VERB-SUFFIXES
An unusual example in the text is |egie|, which takes a list of
objects that differ, separated by ephenthesis, and the subject is the
measure that the objects differ in, like size or color. Actually, the
example in the text lacks a subject and could also be written yegie
(passive), but egie is often used without a subject and in Taruven,
ambiguity is king.
Tripling of nouns:
There is no copula, or word for exist, but a similar effect can be
reached through tripling of the noun. Doubling sets it apart from
other nouns while the tripling emphasizes what is unique with it.
The experiencer-phenomena:
A subset of verbs takes a specially marked subject (-el), and either an
object marked for benefactive or another statement, an example in the
text is |âr| 'to think'. There isn't a standalone complement-word in
Taruven, instead there's this phenomena.
Pronounciation-tips: (easier to read it out loud in your head :) )
c is /S/
j is /Z/
^ is length (long consonants are doubled)
' on a vowel means it is the dominant "partner" in a diphthong
` on a vowel means the preceding vowel in the diphthong is dominant
H is an uvular /r/ followed by an alveolar trilled /r/
åì workaround, the |ì| is an y with `, but no such thing in latin-1
two vowels next to eachother with no extra diacritics means they are
separated by hiatus
y is rounded /i/ but in addition the lips are extruded (further forward
than french u in lune). Sounds hollow, metallic.
u is the high middle rounded vowel (further back than french u in lune)
o is the high back rounded cardinal vowel
r is an alveolar trill